USA: The RECOVER Initiative - Long Covid research

Dakota15 said:
[mods feel free to move to where most applicable]

"Lauren Stiles of Dysautonomia International on Her Story and What's Exciting Her Now'

"...NIH actually wrote back to us and said we're worried about calling it POTS because people might think it references marijuana.."

"They ignored most of our recommendations and really intentionally kept the patients in the dark. They would finalize the trial protocol, without even showing it to us, and then send it to us afterwards and tell everyone they got patient input on it."

"It was very clear that the patient engagement was for public relations purposes and it was not meant to be really meaningful. Now there are some researchers within RECOVER who were genuine in trying to get patient input included, but I would say at the highest levels of leadership that that was not really a priority."

"From the very beginning, we and other groups advocated for people who had decades of experience in studying post viral syndromes like POTS, like ME/CFS to be at the leadership level in RECOVER - not just to be on some side committee that had no real authority, but to actually be helping make the decisions on the study design and that was largely ignored. So when you give nearly two billion dollars to people who have no experience in post-viral syndromes don't be surprised if what you get is something that's disconnected from what the patients actually need."

Cort: "Adjusting, do you see any signs of that?"

Lauren: "Absolutely not. I see a defensive posture, I see defensiveness. I've been in meetings with Senator Sanders & the NIH Directors - all the Institute Directors involved in RECOVER, and it's just been excuses and defensiveness...not actually listening...even the researchers involved in RECOVER have raised concerns internally...it's also pretty awkward when you are on the study committees, to have to be the one criticizing it.."

"I don't see RECOVER changing the dynamic in any way. If anything, they're closing rank and putting out the defensive ranks..."

"I'll tell you what. They are more than 3 years into the study & autonomic testing has been recommending since the very first week of RECOVER..there was a committee..I was the only patient rep on the committee..we got the committee to vote in favor...they still haven't done any.."

"So now we're going to get data that doesn't mention anything about Autonomic Dysfunction."

"...why is NIH not empowering people who have any clue about post-viral syndromes to be part of the research teams, you know? so we were basically playing defensive editing..."

"we've asked the RECOVER autopsy study to capture the autonomic ganglia - that was my major contribution to RECOVER, that was demanding that they take autonomic ganglia and sensory ganglia samples from the autopsy study - and I did get that approved."
Click to expand...

The organisation that this lady represents has a bad track record in terms of ME/CFS more broadly and in particular in terms of PEM. They ignored the issue entirely for many years. A broader coalition with such groups can make sense, but we better be careful. Her inputs in terms of autonomic ganglia are very appreciated, that might turn out to be useful.
 
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[Finally got around to listen]

Long COVID Podcast interview, 3/8/23: "Dr Walter Koroshetz - Director of NINDS on Long COVID Research at the NIH'

Excerpts:

K: "..certainly for Long COVID, it's all about a new condition. Maybe not entirely new, but now post-COVID is new; ME/CFS is unfortunately not new..."

"I know you probably know from ME/CFS patients that there's a condition called post-exertional malaise, where they become very sick after exercise.”

“..there's so much research and so much work that has to go into it (RECOVER), isn't there? I think that the lesson that we learned in working with ME/CFS was that it's really a hard problem. Their conditions are quite similar, not identical, but very similar. We come under this group of conditions where people continue to feel bad weeks, or months, or sometimes years after their infection is over, and that had occurred in the past with infections like Lyme disease or Epstein-Barr virus. But now we're seeing it to a degree we've never seen before with COVID. We've never been able to figure it out - in the past people would come to our attention years after they had what sounded like an acute infection where no one could ever figure out what the infection was or it was really an infection at all. So the situation has really changed now where now you have millions of people who all have the same infection, and a very similar syndrome with ME/CFS.”

K: “So that's a really unique situation. We could never do that with the ME/CFS because we just didn't have the numbers. Now you can actually study them from the beginning (Long COVID)"

“Well, you know, as you were just talking, we thought that this was going to be an easy problem. And, you know, people all over the world are studying it. And, you know, some will come up with the answer very quickly. It's not an easy problem - that's what we built in RECOVER to kind of be the backstop, should there not be a quick answer, RECOVER is set up to be kind of a full, comprehensive study of this condition. And it has multiple different components to it.”

on 4 leading theories of causes - 1) viral persistence 2) autoimmunity 3) immune dysregulation 4) reaction of dormant viruses

"..it could be different culprits and different people, but there's about four things at the top of most people's list. One is that the virus is still present somehow in the body, and it's still stimulating the immune system, whether it's live virus that's still replicating, or whether it's dormant virus, or whether it's just particles of the virus that just got incorporated into tissues. Well, any of those things could be creating continuous stimulation of the immune system. and of course, it's stimulation of the immune system that is known to cause all these symptoms of Long COVID."

"And then, I mean, the other possibility is that there's an autoimmune disorder, because when you do have COVID, your body makes a big immune response, and it produces antibodies, and produces cellular response to kill the virus. But we know that that response kind of overflows and causes antibodies against your self-antigen. So normal parts of your body can also be misinterpreted by the immune system as being part of the virus. “And that's what we call autoimmunity."

"Another possibility is that the infection affected the immune system and made it really rev up, and it never kind of resets. And that would be an immune dysregulation problem."

"And then the other one is that it turns out that there are a lot of viruses that we get infected with that lie dormant in our bodies. And when you have an infection of any kind, but it's COVID, similarly, you can get reactivation of these viruses. They start to pop up again. So I think those are the kind of four leading theories, which we're trying to track down.”

(on clinical trials)

"And then the clinical trials, we have two strategies here. The first is to try to understand if there's something that could hit one of those four major culprits as the kind of underlying cause...the other strategy is to try to develop treatments for the symptoms. So one is what we call disease modifying treatments to get at the underlying biology. The other is symptomatic treatments, which get at how to improve, for instance, the sleep disorder, the postural orthostatic tachycardia, the cognitive troubles, exercise intolerance.”

“there's a lot going on in this space. And I think we got to keep pursuing it to try and get relief to people who are still suffering...it's huge (medical problem)."

Host (Jackie Baxter): "You mentioned earlier, before Long COVID came along, you know, the research into ME/CFS. And it was actually Doctor Avindra Nath's research that I came across first."
 
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3/7/24: “Meet the Director: Gary H. Gibbons, M.D., National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute”

“Another initiative inspired by the pandemic is the NIH RECOVER clinical trials for long COVID. How is NHLBI contributing to this project?”

“This is one of the post-viral syndromes we see in medicine. SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) is a new virus, and there’s a potential for [patients to develop] long COVID. [They can] suffer from more than 200 symptoms from each organ system in the body. It’s logical for NHLBI to be part of RECOVER because of the vascular effects of COVID-19. Blood clotting is part of how this virus affects the body.”

“We’re making progress in the RECOVER consortium of institutes across NIH. Nearly 90 publications both in and out of the pipeline are already giving us new insight into what long COVID is and what may be driving it. We also have clinical trial platforms that are looking at certain symptoms like dizziness and brain fog. We prioritized the symptoms that patients said were the most meaningful to relieve their suffering.”

“One of the principles of RECOVER was to put the patients at the center of everything we do. Listening to them and their caregivers and reassuring them that this is a new post-viral disorder, that it is real and not in their heads. Patients have been involved from the beginning of the initiative. We want to be sure patients are developing the protocol with researchers.”
 
Their conditions [LC & ME/CFS] are quite similar, not identical,

Way too early to be saying that with any certainty. If I had to place a bet it would be that they are, for all practical purposes, the same, or at the least very closely related.
 
Washington Post: "1 in 10 people infected during pregnancy develop long covid, study finds"

"The study was funded as part of the NIH RECOVER Initiative"

"The Biden administration announced it would invest an additional $515 million..to research the condition”

"Long covid has been a confounding subject for researchers since the coronavirus began spreading more than fours year ago."

"Monica Longo, an OB/GYN researcher on NIH’s RECOVER team and a maternal-fetal medicine expert, emphasized the importance of understanding how the disease affects pregnancy and its potential impacts on a fetus.”

“I was initially surprised at the prevalence of long covid in this population,” said Torri Metz, one of the study’s lead authors and a maternal-fetal medicine specialist at University of Utah Health. “It really drew my attention to the fact I need to have this on my radar..”
 
University of New Mexico: “From Research to Clinical Practice: Applying Lessons Learned from Long COVID Study”

“University of New Mexico clinicians are using research findings to enhance and improve treatment plans for patients”

“In late 2021, UNM joined two large national studies through the RECOVER Initiative, funded by the NIH. According to co-principal investigator of the UNM’s RECOVER study Michelle Harkins, MD..the NIH has poured about a billion dollars into identifying & understanding Long COVID”

“..a common Long COVID symptom in adults is post-exertional malaise, which means small activities can create fatigue and exhaustion that may last for days or weeks. In many cases, researchers have found actual muscle tissue damage.”

“Patients have also reported severe and chronic fatigue even with no preceding activities. And another common symptom includes cognitive function impairments, including brain fog and inattention.”

“We’ve heard from business executives who functioned at a very high level before COVID, who now say their inability to focus has seriously damaged their careers..we’ve heard from marathon runners and athletes who now find it difficult to play with their children.”

“These people felt stigmatized. Their own families were not believing them.”

“In January 2024, Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) invited Harkins to testify before the U.S. Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) Committee to address Long COVID research.”
 
Dakota15 said:
University of New Mexico: “From Research to Clinical Practice: Applying Lessons Learned from Long COVID Study”

“University of New Mexico clinicians are using research findings to enhance and improve treatment plans for patients”

“In late 2021, UNM joined two large national studies through the RECOVER Initiative, funded by the NIH. According to co-principal investigator of the UNM’s RECOVER study Michelle Harkins, MD..the NIH has poured about a billion dollars into identifying & understanding Long COVID”

“..a common Long COVID symptom in adults is post-exertional malaise, which means small activities can create fatigue and exhaustion that may last for days or weeks. In many cases, researchers have found actual muscle tissue damage.”

“Patients have also reported severe and chronic fatigue even with no preceding activities. And another common symptom includes cognitive function impairments, including brain fog and inattention.”

“We’ve heard from business executives who functioned at a very high level before COVID, who now say their inability to focus has seriously damaged their careers..we’ve heard from marathon runners and athletes who now find it difficult to play with their children.”

“These people felt stigmatized. Their own families were not believing them.”

“In January 2024, Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) invited Harkins to testify before the U.S. Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) Committee to address Long COVID research.”
Click to expand...
So, all they found after spending $500m in observational study is that LC in its core is ME/CFS. They could've saved the money if they didn't have doubts that ME/CFS is real; we already have decades of observational data.
 
(wasn't sure if this was already shared)

4/19/24, TLC Sessions: “Episode 74; Dr. Nancy Klimas”

Klimas:“We're doing a big research study now that the CDC is funding to compare ME/CFS and Long Covid. The results are not ready yet.”

Host: “Do you feel that funding has gone in the right direction, that $1 billion?”

Klimas: “Oh, I don't want to stick my foot too deeply into that one. They just put $500 million more to make sure the trials got done. So I will say Congress was paying attention to the advocacy voice to say, all well and good to spend all that much money on the basic science of it all, but if it doesn't move to trial, what are you doing? So there has just been a serious flush of money into the RECOVER network to fund the trials that they're proposing. So that's good news. I mean, that's really good news for Long Covid patients, and it's good news for ME patients because what we learn from Long Covid should be very meaningful in ME.”

“Now, what I would love to see is if they would simply add an ME/CFS control group, another sick group, to the trials. If they're going to do a trial that makes sense to do in ME/CFS, I mean, it would be silly, for instance, to use a Covid antibody in a ME/CFS patient, I think that's going to do it (couldn't quite hear this part..). But it would not be silly to think that things that are looking at immune, viral reactivation, dysautonomia, all those types of targets, all those things could easily be used in ME/CFS patients, and it would make tremendous sense, in good scientific sense to have a comparator group, a sick comparator group when you're doing long Covid studies. So I'm trying, maybe successfully or not, but I'm trying to make the argument that as they're doing these well-funded long Covid studies, to consider using an ME/CFS control group as a sick comparator group.”

“It's already been three years, but it takes three years to develop the infrastructure, to get the team up. Who knew a lot about post-viral illness three years ago? The ME/CFS people, and that's about it. They had to build from scratch. And then they put an enormous carrot out there. This huge amount of money had every single university. There were 220 applications from institutions, huge networks of people to be able to join that network. That was pretty wow.”

“You put money out there, they will come. And they did. They came and brought really, really big people who are really sharp, are in this, and they're trying to get to it. So I'm going to say they're doing their thing. Meanwhile, those of us that aren't in that loop, and that includes me, but we're so focused on these post-viral illnesses, we also have our own path. We can apply independent of the network or into the network to try to move ideas forward. So we are.”
 
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Dakota15 said:
University of New Mexico: “From Research to Clinical Practice: Applying Lessons Learned from Long COVID Study”

“University of New Mexico clinicians are using research findings to enhance and improve treatment plans for patients”

“In late 2021, UNM joined two large national studies through the RECOVER Initiative, funded by the NIH. According to co-principal investigator of the UNM’s RECOVER study Michelle Harkins, MD..the NIH has poured about a billion dollars into identifying & understanding Long COVID”

“..a common Long COVID symptom in adults is post-exertional malaise, which means small activities can create fatigue and exhaustion that may last for days or weeks. In many cases, researchers have found actual muscle tissue damage.”

“Patients have also reported severe and chronic fatigue even with no preceding activities. And another common symptom includes cognitive function impairments, including brain fog and inattention.”

“We’ve heard from business executives who functioned at a very high level before COVID, who now say their inability to focus has seriously damaged their careers..we’ve heard from marathon runners and athletes who now find it difficult to play with their children.”

“These people felt stigmatized. Their own families were not believing them.”

“In January 2024, Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) invited Harkins to testify before the U.S. Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) Committee to address Long COVID research.”
Click to expand...
Reading the rest of article, I don't see a single lesson learned. None. There's mention of goal setting and personalized management, and despite a mention of PEM as a core problem, there's zero mention of ME/CFS, which should be the #1 lesson learned here: we, the medical profession, screwed up completely in dismissing millions of people suffering from this for decades, resulting in a moral, economic and human rights disaster of choice.

There's also a lot of past tense for problems that aren't just still here in the present, but unlikely to change any time soon. So much bubble thinking, people who see nothing beyond their immediate awareness.

There is in fact a complete inability to learn anything here, especially the main lessons. Zero ambition. Zero broad view of the problem, of the unique responsibility that some people have played in burying millions of people alive in plain sight. It's maddening. It's like nothing changed, they keep doing nothing useful and celebrate themselves along the way, while missing almost everything that matters.
 
They still appear stuck at the "exercise necessary, must push relentlessly at all costs" phase, even though no one even seems to know why.

The whole thing was based on the extremely flawed, and false, assumption that many were bedbound for weeks with acute illness, basically stopped moving. It seems they are paying no attention to the fact that most tried to continue their regular activities and could not.

People do not develop those kinds of symptoms simply from being sedentary, the entire premise is ridiculous. Medicine involves paying very close attention to minute details, and yet they sometimes seem completely incapable of paying attention to stuff so basic that a child easily understands it.
 
11/14/24, 'Responses to participants' questions' PDF on 'Understanding the role of the immune system in PASC' RECOVER webinar

https://recovercovid.org/sites/default/files/docs/archive/R3SeminarQA111423ImmuneSystem.pdf…

Reply from Timothy Henrich, MD, University of California San Francisco

GTGFPVaWIAAGkXH
 
Interview with one of the RECOVER PI’s, Grace McComsey at University Hospitals in Cleveland and Prof. at Case Western

CTSC Science Cafe: "Long COVID and the RECOVER Initiative with Dr. Grace McComsey | June 13, 2024'

McComsey: "..there's a lot of immune activation, there are tons of planning now for different biologics - different anti-inflammatory drugs to see if it can kind of attenuate the inflammation, are you going to see an effect on Long COVID, so that's now in the planning...'

McComsey: "I keep getting media asking me why is RECOVER so slow? Okay, three years we enrolled thousands of patients - we're following them, we're doing all kind of tests - it's a comprehensive disease, and people think like you know we're doing nothing? Honestly, some of it, I understand - like, the patients who are suffering from it, of course, you're like please, do something - you know, like fast - because every week for them is a tough week.

But, HIV wasn't solved in 3 years as we know, and HIV every year even gets funding way more than the $1.2 billion that RECOVER got, so that's why we need more funding and Congress is very willing, because a lot of community - a lot of patients, went to the Senate Committee and testified about their lives ruined actually by Long COVID - so, as you know, even among the Senate actually kind of feeling people's pain does make a difference sometimes - they were very touched actually by witnessing how these people's stories - how it's ruined their lives. This is the other reason why we wanted to do the Science Cafe as Long COVID, there will be a lot of money for Long COVID, the Senate Health Appropriation Committee wanted 1 billion a year for 10 years - they wanted a commitment of 1 billion a year for 10 years at least - that's what it's said - at least for Long COVID.

So, there's a lot of push actually for a lot of money. This is why you know I want CASE, UH, CCF all of our partners in the CTSC - to think about ways, can we help you get samples, to get some pilot data out, so that when those RFA's start coming out and the billion dollars is ready - that you'll be ready to submit something..'

"I mean, this is a real thing - it is affecting the brain somehow - so, we are doing spinal taps, I mean we're throwing MRI's - all kind of neuro stuff in RECOVER to try to figure out - what is the affect on the brain?"

"People are so engaged and they know this is research that we need to do.."
 
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Sharing excerpts from this Feb. interview with McComsey on LC parallels with HIV, and hope for breakthroughs in ME/CFS from this research

BackedBriScience, 2/18/24: "Dr. Grace McComsey, Dispelling COVID-19 Myths and HIV Breakthroughs.."

McComsey: "I need research to be faster. And I see that with COVID now and long COVID in particular, but the reality is it takes time...fast research is not always good research. You need to do the right studies.”

“The symptoms, kind of like with HIV are saying that every organ can be involved. Long COVID, same thing. You can have anything from liver damage, kidney damage, brain fog. You hear about brain fog, right? So there's a lot of cognitive problems. Pretty much every organ can be involved with long COVID. So any physician who worked on chronic HIV, felt compelled to try to help with long COVID, because a lot of things that we learned with chronic HIV, high inflammation in the blood and organ disease, are really applicable to long COVID…"

“So I'm very involved in RECOVER and I love that work as well because I feel there is a need, there are people suffering. So again, for me, it's what people tell me, if I see people suffering from something that we don't have a solution or we don't know much about, this is where my passion is to try to help them. So Long COVID is my second area of expertise.” “

"Yeah, I mean, my work on chronic illnesses is obviously long COVID and HIV, but even long COVID is very close to other illnesses, like chronic fatigue syndrome, that even today, there's no treatment for it. So we have a lot of people who literally have a lot of fatigue. And I'm not talking like I have fatigue every day, but this is different fatigue. This is really, they cannot walk a little bit. They can't do anything. And these are young people."

"So there are a lot of illnesses that we don't understand. And honestly, the long COVID researchers like myself are hoping that some of our research on long COVID is going to elucidate what causes things like chronic fatigue syndrome. So I'm hoping that the research is not only gonna be specific to long COVID, other viruses seem to trigger chronic illnesses like chronic fatigue syndrome, not just COVID."

"So hopefully, the millions of dollars, tax dollars that are being put into research on long COVID will also help people who have other chronic illnesses triggered by viruses, could be the flu, could be other viruses other than COVID. So I think that research is gonna lead to a lot of widespread use and hopefully help people live longer and have better quality of life.”
 
(from two years ago, but sharing)

Emory University SCDP Podcasts, 6/28/22: “COVID-19 Outpatient Management and Beyond” with Igho Ofotokun

“There’s this big NIH study called RECOVER….so the whole idea here is to really address this issue.

“one of the questions from one of our audience members has asked that - to what degree is there evidence that PASC or PASC overlaps or possibly is the same pathogenesis as post-acute sequelae we've seen after other acute febrile illnesses such as dengue fever or mononucleosis?”

Dr. Ofotokun: “That is a really great question. That is really the crux of what a lot of us are really beginning to think about. We know this concept of people having acute illness, and then when they recover from the acute illness, then they have persistent symptoms. So this is not unique to SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. We've seen this phenomenon in West Nile infection. We've seen it in EBV infection. Usually, if you are an infectious disease physician, you'll be familiar with chronic fatigue syndrome. We've seen it even in non-infectious conditions, where you have an acute episode of illness and then boom, you develop this chronic sequelae. For some people, it lasts forever, and some it's a year, months, weeks of debilitation.”

“I think a lot of what we're doing today to understand this phenomenon comes from those earlier literature. What has been done in, for example, post-EBV infection, chronic fatigue syndrome, post-West Nile infection. A lot of these are coming from those literature.”

“Two things that we know, in all of those literature, we know that after the acute infection, some people develop chronic immune activation and inflammation. The other thing we also know that after the acute infection, some people have persistent viral infection in sanctuary sites. “So immune system, some part of it is activated, other part are suppressed. So you have reactivation of other latent viruses. So you have reactivation of CMV, reactivation of EBV, reactivation of even toxoplasmosis and a number of other viruses. And then the fourth component is that sometimes because of the way the virus, the cytokine storm that really attacks the body, creates a kind of changes in the immune system so that you have autoimmunity. So the body begins to develop antibody against itself. So something like lupus-like symptoms.”

“So those are conditions that we see in all of these other conditions that have been reported. So a lot of that now is being investigated. What are the same phenomenon that we see with this other post-acute syndrome are similar to what we are experiencing in long COVID."
https://t.co/8gd4An9D7F
 
(came across this 50-minute interview and wasn't sure if shared from February)

2/8/24, Emerge Australia Imagine Podcast Series: 'Episode 18 – Professor Anthony Komaroff MD'

Excerpts:

“Well, I think there is no doubt that the paper you're referring to in the Frontiers of Medicine points out the many similarities between ME/CFS and long COVID. Similarities not just in the symptoms that they have, but similarities in the underlying biological abnormalities that are being identified for both of those two illnesses. At first, I was critical of the fact that as plans to study long COVID were being developed, people were not paying more attention to what already had been learned about the underlying biological abnormalities in ME/CFS, because I thought that they were likely to be similar and that the studies for long COVID should be informed by what already had been learned in ME/CFS.”

“I think there are some people who didn't take that advice, but nevertheless, enough people did take that advice that we're seeing that it is true that the two illnesses have some very substantial overlap in what is going wrong in the body. And the studies show in both illnesses that unfortunately there is a lot going wrong in the body that probably explains the symptoms of the illness.”

"All of these were shown between the mid-1990s and the current day in ME/CFS. And then in the last two to three years that people have been studying long COVID, the same group of abnormalities are being found in people with long COVID.”

"that suggests that there's some common abnormality in how the body responds to infection in some people, and it's affecting a lot of people, and therefore we should be studying it"

"..I was encouraged a couple of weeks ago, Dr. Anthony Fauci, who has been for many years one of the most famous doctors in the United States and internationally, an infectious disease expert and immunology expert. He came out very strongly for the importance of exactly this, of a national integrated study, non-siloed study of post-acute infection syndromes, of which ME/CFS and long COVID are probably just two examples.”

“Well, funding is a big problem. Certainly ME/CFS research. In the United States, there is, I think, enough funding directed at long COVID right now. It isn't all directed in quite the right direction. If I were king, I would be spending more of it, trying to learn or apply the lessons that have been learned in ME-CFS. But there's a lot of funding in the United States for long COVID. Not enough for ME/CFS."

“The other obstacles, I think, the biggest obstacle besides funding is that so few people in the research community and so few people who are deciding how the research dollar should be spent are aware of all of the research, of the thousands of articles on ME/CFS, the underlying biology of ME/CFS. And they don't know how much has already been learned and what the obvious next questions are based on what has been learned. Because they're simply unaware of the literature."

"There is a silver lining around the cloud that we've been discussing, which is that if I'm right that long COVID and ME/CFS share a lot of underlying biology, then the very large investment that's being made in studying long COVID should pay dividends in terms of understanding ME/CFS."

“I happen to think that what they learn about the body's response to that virus will also have lessons for ME/CFS, but that remains to be proved."

"The symptoms, all symptoms, are experienced in the brain. Is it possible that there is a part of the brain, a few neurons in the brain, that are dedicated to causing the group of symptoms that anyone who has MECFS or long COVID can tell you they're having? Is it possible that a part of the brain is the final common pathway that when it gets turned on, when it gets activated, leads to the symptoms of the illness?”

“Because if that's possible, then finding that common pathway in the brain and finding a way to turn it off would be a way of alleviating the symptoms of the illness. Now, that sounds theoretical, but in fact, in mice, several studies in the last three or four years have identified parts of the brain that appear to do exactly that in mice. And humans are not like mice in all respects, but we're often like mice.”

"the fact that long COVID has become such an important problem to society, such a visible problem, I believe that it will. The focus on long COVID, even though I wish it were more informed by what we know about ME/CFS, I think the focus on long COVID will learn lessons that will prove to apply to ME/CFS and will speed our way to what we all want, which is a cure to end the suffering of this illness.”
 
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