Effects of a short-term aquatic exercise intervention on symptoms and exercise capacity in individuals with CFS/ME, 2018, Broadbent et al

I agree but if the increased heart rate is a sign of pushing harder it is not a sign of any cardiovascular improvement. I find it hard to know what to think but the way the abstract reads it looks as if the authors do not understand basic training physiology - yet they are sports medicine people?
I think directly after the training the heart rate will be a bit higher than before, depending on the volume. Your pulse in rest should fall to around 50 if you are well-trained. Professionals can have a rest pulse of 40-45. Another sign of fitness is how fast your pulse will fall, e.g. how much time does it take to get a 190 pulse down to 70-80? During HIT, if your pulse doesn't fall as it used to it means you have come to your limits and should stop, because then going further won't improve performance.

That's what I learned (and observed), it could be different.
 
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