Chris Burton is on the NICE committee and JE recently posted one of his papers. I felt like the convo I wanted to have on that actually belonged here rather than there, where it might have derailed the thread -- he even talks about being cautious re: 'don't test patients' and makes some identical points to mine on the matter before veering away.
From:
Can we explain medically unexplained symptoms?
Christopher Burton
Family Practice, Volume 31, Issue 6, 1 December 2014, Pages 623–624,
https://doi-org.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/10.1093/fampra/cmu067
17 November 2014
But even in conditions like dyspepsia, symptoms often persist after confirmed eradication of Helicobacter pylori—the apparently ‘real’ cause.
Citation, please? Annnd bacteria don't still have to be present for there to have been lasting damage. Annnnd there's more than one kind of pathogen... and there are antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Annnnd we could have mistaken the cause.
Recent sophisticated analysis of self-report diary data has shown that there were few associations between daily stress and MUS
Huh.
The notion that it is our duty to prevent patients developing somatization has been used to argue against carrying out diagnostic tests. While restricting investigations is appropriate in those who already have severe MUS and are at high risk of iatrogenic harm, there is limited evidence in other populations and there appear to be no overall benefits (or harms) from early testing. Given the observed association between gatekeeper (biopsychosocial) GPs and delays in cancer diagnosis (6), it is important that clinically appropriate investigations are not delayed because of unfounded concern about somatization.
Well, but here we get into the 'it sounds reasonable' but it isn't. How is the clinician to identify who has a syndrome that is, as-of-yet, unexplained -- and who has 'severe MUS'?
This is something I haven't mentioned on the forums a great deal, but I noted a
distinct, inverse correlation between the severity of my symptoms and the quality of care I received. The sicker I felt, the more likely a clinician was to dismiss my symptoms and retreat behind a shell to -- I suppose -- avoid empathetic distress. If I showed up relatively well and
spoke articulately about severe symptoms, I was taken seriously and treated with empathy. My feeling is, the more severe the presentation, the more likely a clinician is to diagnose a patient with 'severe MUS' and use this as an escape hatch away from the problem *cough*patient*cough*.
However, recent studies have shown that GPs feel unable to explain MUS constructively, so instead resort to generic approaches aimed at maintaining the doctor patient relationship
Another thing I've noticed, on MedTwitter: the emphasis on "what the patient
really wants is to
feel heard".

More than they want decent care, I guess.
Look, I'm a fan of politeness and warmth as much as the next person, but as an advocate, I end up talking about the disease a great deal, so it's not as though it's all bottled up inside of me, just waiting on a clinician's sympathetic ear. Last time I met someone who asked me what I did for a living, I spaced out for five minutes, and when I came back to, I'd finished an apparently coherent and stirring thesis on the PACE trial.
Patients with symptoms want the same things whether those symptoms are explained by our current models of disease or not: plausible explanation including—but not limited to—ruling out of serious conditions, treatment if it is available and support in managing the symptom. When doctors try to reinterpret physical symptoms as signs of emotional distress—rather than dealing with them as symptoms or processes in their own right—then patients resist. Two studies which examined this resistance, and demonstrate both why patients resist (11) and how they resist (12), make sobering reading for doctors.
Now I want to read (11) and (12).
Where pain is ahead of MUS is in research such as neuroimaging which is beginning to show the neural centres and processes involved in central sensitization—the process by which pain becomes perpetuated even after the initial trigger has gone.
This is an incorrect definition of central sensitization so far as I am concerned. But he may be reading bad literature on this idea, which has been co-opted by BPS theorists and twisted out of all recognition.
@Michiel Tack ...
However, research in some forms of MUS is also beginning to provide unexpected findings: for instance that chronic fatigue and other MUS are associated with altered autonomic balance (with increased sympathetic activity even at rest) (14) and that genetic variants affecting the cortisol system may also be implicated (15).
I hope the ANS doesn't become the new "HPA axis" -- that is, a handwavey strawmannish explanation in which 'stress' takes the place of a network of complex biological processes.
MUS are becoming explainable and we need to develop and test ways of translating biomedical and neuropsychological research into explanations that enable patients with disruptive symptoms to make sense of, and adapt to, their condition and its consequences.
Whelp. I'm going to find those references so people can investigate the stated claims:
- Burton C. Beyond somatisation: a review of the understanding and management of medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS). Br J Gen Pract 2003; 53: 233–41.
- Verhaak PF, Meijer SA, Visser AP, Wolters G. Persistent presentation of medically unexplained symptoms in general practice. Fam Pract 2006; 23: 414–20.
- Nimnuan C, Hotopf M, Wessely S. Medically unexplained symptoms: an epidemiological study in seven specialities. J Psychosom Res 2001; 51: 361–7.
- Olde-Hartman TC, Blankenstein AH, Molenaar AO et al. NHG guideline on medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). Huisarts Wet 2013; 56: 222–30.
- van Gils A, Burton C, Bos EH et al. Individual variation in temporal relationships between stress and functional somatic symptoms. J Psychosom Res 2014; 77: 34–9.
- Vedsted P, Olesen F. Are the serious problems in cancer survival partly rooted in gatekeeper principles? An ecologic study. Br J Gen Pract 2011; 61: e508–12.
- olde Hartman TC, van Rijswijk E, van Dulmen S et al. How patients and family physicians communicate about persistent medically unexplained symptoms. A qualitative study of video-recorded consultations. Patient Educ Couns 2013; 90: 354–60.
- Rask MT, Andersen RS, Bro F, Fink P, Rosendal M. Towards a clinically useful diagnosis for mild-to-moderate conditions of medically unexplained symptoms in general practice: a mixed methods study. BMC Fam Pract 2014; 15: 118.
- den Boeft M, van der Wouden JC, Rydell-Lexmond TR et al. Identifying patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms in electronic medical records in primary care: a validation study. BMC Fam Pract 2014; 15: 109.
- Rosendal M, Blankenstein AH, Morriss R et al. Enhanced care by generalists for functional somatic symptoms and disorders in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 10: CD008142.
- Peters S, Rogers A, Salmon P et al. What do patients choose to tell their doctors? Qualitative analysis of potential barriers to reattributing medically unexplained symptoms. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24: 443–9.
- Burbaum C, Stresing AM, Fritzsche K et al. Medically unexplained symptoms as a threat to patients’ identity? A conversation analysis of patients’ reactions to psychosomatic attributions. Patient Educ Couns 2010; 79: 207–17.
- Deary V, Chalder T, Sharpe M. The cognitive behavioural model of medically unexplained symptoms: a theoretical and empirical review. Clin Psychol Rev 2007; 27: 781–97.
- Martínez-Martínez LA, Mora T, Vargas A, Fuentes-Iniestra M, MartínezLavín M. Sympathetic nervous system dysfunction in fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis: a review of case-control studies. J Clin Rheumatol 2014; 20: 146–50.
- Holliday KL, Macfarlane GJ, Nicholl BI et al. Genetic variation in neuroendocrine genes associates with somatic symptoms in the general population: results from the EPIFUND study. J Psychosom Res 2010; 68: 469–74.
[Edit: I changed all the quotes because it looked like JE meant/was saying them! Shifted to regular quotes rather than user-quotes]