Hypothesis ME/CFS as a sickness behaviour-like response to HSV-1 infection within the brain: A hypothesis, 2025, Campbell

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ME/CFS as a sickness behaviour-like response to HSV-1 infection within the brain: A hypothesis

John Campbell

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Highlights
• Subset of ME/CFS cases proposed to be caused by a ‘noisy’ latent HSV-1 infection within the brain.
• HSV-1 proposed to cause local sickness behaviour-like response in the brain.
• IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α in the brain proposed to increase sensations of fatigue and pain.

Abstract
This work presents the hypothesis that a Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) infection in the brain is a significant contributor to the symptoms experienced by a subset of ME/CFS patients. In these patients, an HSV-1 infection has spread from the trigeminal ganglia to the brain, leading to a sickness behaviour-like response that amplifies sensations such as fatigue, pain, and nausea.

The hypothesis proposes that ME/CFS is a heterogeneous condition, with a ‘noisy’ latent HSV-1 infection of the brain, and an enduring sickness behaviour-style immune response, an underlying factor for a subset of patients.

Web | Medical Hypotheses | Paywall
 
The idea that ME/CFS is related to some form of ongoing viral infection either a persistent infection, perhaps as a virus reservoir in some part of the body inaccessible to testing as with say Ebola persisting in such as the eyeball, or a novel or poorly understood virus such as retroviruses has a long history. I do not know enough about the current status of virology to say if, given the number of years we have been looking, it is reasonable or not to say, if a persisting virus was the cause of our ongoing symptoms, it would already have been found.

Proponents of some form of persisting virus theory have explained previous lack of success in terms of it either persisting in some hard to test location or a novel virus. Does this paper explain the previous failure of viral related explanations in terms of it only relating to a subgroup of those with ME/CFS?

I don’t know enough to evaluate this paper, but I do know it is reasonable to be cautious given the number of times this field of research has claimed ‘the answer’ only for it to amount to nothing.

However I am also puzzled by the finding (previously?currently?) reported in the UK MEA’s big purple book that a course of antivirals helps a proportion of people with ME/CFS, which seems to just sit there ignored or forgotten. For some years I had languishing on my to do list looking out the research on this to discuss with my GP the pros and cons of a year or more on antivirals, but have never got that far along any iteration of my ‘list’.

[edited to correct typos]
 
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However I am also puzzled by the finding (previously?currently?) reported in the UK MEA’s big purple book that a course of antivirals helps a proportion of people with ME/CFS, which seems to just sit there ignored or forgotten. For some years I had languishing on my to do list looking out the research on this to discuss with my GP the pros and cons of a year or more on antivirals, but have never got that far along any iteration of my ‘list’.

I go back all the way to the Phoenix Rising days and always thought the idea of anti-virals was silly. If they worked, then surely everyone would be taking them? I mean even now, you barely hear any anti-viral ´´success`` stories compared to LDN and LDA ´´success`` stories. Then around two years ago got guilt tripped into taking some Valaciclovir by my parents because the ME clinic I was at suggested taking some, and for the only time in my entire life I felt like I tried something that actually worked. Was able to feel sleepy, fall asleep immediately and breathe through my nose within 3 days and all my symptoms continued to improve afterwards. Felt like genuine divine intervention. Slowly stopped working around 3 months in though, until all improvement had ceased 9 months in.

Yet, despite my own experience. What I fear is that anti-virals have been a red herring for some MECFS researchers and clinicians. A lot of them seem to have heard of, or believe to have seen for themselves stories like mine. But what if the improvements like mine were merely a) randomly fluctuations, or b) had nothing at all to do with the cause itself of MECFS? Maybe the anti-virals merely gave a temporary break from whatever is causing MECFS.

I`ve tried to track down other patients who also experienced massive improvements following anti-viral treatment, and honestly it has been incredibly difficult to find any at all!! A lot of the stories simply sound like random fluctuations, especially the ones where it took months for it to ´´work``, and where the ´´effect´´ seemed minimal. Honestly just sounds like the classic LDN or alternative therapy stories. The very very few stories similar to mine, where massive improvement took place quickly, all seem to have relapsed.

MECFS clinics have an ungrateful job, but I think they have sadly helped feed the anti-viral narrative. Flugge and Mella have shown through their studies how wildly MECFS symptoms can fluctuate, especially in the milder parts of the MECFS populations who make up the majority compared to the more stable severe patients. This naturally leads to a lot of red herrings with a chronic illness like MECFS, where patient and practitioner believe something is working that simply isn`t.

The only interesting anti-viral study I was able to find was a recent one by Dr. Chia. Although the reason I found it interesting was because ultimately it did not work out. The patients relapsed within two to nine months. However that was precisely why I found it interesting. Compared to MECFS null result studies, it was interesting how quickly the patients ´´improved`` and then relapsed. Because usually when you hear of the MECFS bogus treatments you always hear, oh yeah, you have to try this for months or whatever before it starts working (convenient!!). You even hear this about the treatments at MECFS clinics. Looking at Flugge and Mella studies, some MECFS patients will randomly have improved abit after 3-6 months (or they will believe they have improved), so suddenly, it might appear like these bogus treatments are working!!

Lipkin also made a comment about anti-virals recently which I found when I was going down the anti-viral rabbit hole:

The other thing is, there are a group of patients who have persistent infections who respond to Ampligen
They just do
Regardless of the fact that some people don`t believe it
I`ve seen it
It`s real
Dan Peterson, who`s been sort of pioneer in this area, has show unequivocally that there are certain markers that he can identify which allow him to say, this is somebody who`s going to respond, and this is somebody who won`t

Personally I fear it is all a red herring, and that even if in cases like mine there was genuine temporary improvement (and not just random fluctuation), then it ultimately won`t have anything to do with the cause of MECFS.
 
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Proponents of some form of persisting virus theory have explained previous lack of success in terms of it either persisting in some hard to test location or a novel virus. Does this paper explain the previous failure of viral related explanations in terms of it only relating to a subgroup of those with ME/CFS?
You won't see it much, but there's a theory of immune tolerance that might.
 
On the one hand, a pesky virus in the brain doesn’t seem out of the question to my layman’s logic. (My understanding is the evidence for HIV as the cause of AIDS looked similarly unclear and contradictory for many years so just because a viral theory has been around for a long time without proving itself doesn’t necessarily mean it’s totally wrong).

On the other hand, is the paper’s author the same YouTube guy spreading misinformation per this thread?
 
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