Health Care Use and Costs of Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, 2020, Saunders et al

Andy

Retired committee member
Importance Somatic symptom and related disorders are highly prevalent mental health disorders among young people. Presentation can be varied, and patients often face long delays and see multiple practitioners to receive a diagnosis.

Objective To evaluate the health care use and costs in a population-based sample of children and young people with somatic symptom and related disorders in Ontario, Canada.

Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based cohort study used linked health and administrative databases in Ontario, Canada, where health services are funded through a universal single-payer health insurance plan. Participants included children aged 4 to 12 years, adolescents aged 13 to 17 years, and young adults aged 18 to 24 years residing in Ontario, Canada, during the period of April 1, 2008, to March 31, 2015. Included participants had a first health record diagnosis of somatic symptom and related disorders and were grouped based on the setting of their index somatic symptom and related disorders contact: outpatient, emergency department, or inpatient. Data were analyzed from August 1, 2017, to February 1, 2018.

Exposures One year before and 1 year after diagnosis of somatic symptom and related disorders.

Main Outcomes and Measures Outcome measures included overall and mental health–specific ambulatory and acute care visits and overall health system costs and sector-specific costs.

Results A total of 33 272 patients (median [interquartile range {IQR}] age, 20 [16-22] years; 17 387 female [52.3%]) were included in the analysis. Among these patients, 3875 (11.6%) were aged 4 to 12 years, 7273 (21.9%) were aged 13 to 17 years, and 22 124 (66.5%) were aged 18 to 24 years. A total of 17 893 (53.8%) had their index visit as outpatients, whereas 13 310 (40.0%) and 2069 (6.2%) were diagnosed in the emergency department and inpatient settings, respectively. Ambulatory physician visits were frequent and persisted 1 year after diagnosis within each setting (before vs after 1 year, median [IQR] visits, inpatient setting: 7 [3-13] vs 7 [3-13]; emergency department setting: 4 [2-8] vs 4 [2-9]; outpatient setting: 3 [1-7] vs 4 [2-7]; P < .001). After diagnosis, many did not receive physician-delivered mental health care (35.3% [730 of 2069] in an inpatient setting, 59.1% [7866 of 13 310] in an emergency department setting, 58.5% [10 467 of 17 893] in an outpatient setting; P < .001). Acute care use was frequent and remained so after diagnosis across settings. Of those hospitalized as inpatients at diagnosis, 37.7% (779 of 2069) were readmitted within 1 year. Mean (SD) 2-year patient costs were CAD$9845 ($39 725) (median [IQR], $2401 [$960-$7019]). Hospitalized patients had a 2-year mean (SD) cost of $51 424 ($100 416) (median [IQR], $21 997 [$12 510-$45 841]) per-patient expenditure.

Conclusion and Relevance This study found that children and young people with somatic symptom and related disorders frequently used the health system with substantial health system costs before and after diagnosis. Many of these patients did not receive physician-delivered mental health care. These findings suggest that this population may be under-recognized, and initiatives for early recognition and engagement with mental health support may be warranted.
Open access, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2768569

The study cohort comprised any individual who was seen as an outpatient and had a physician billing code for psychosomatic disturbances (Ontario Health Insurance Plan diagnostic code 306) or any individual who was discharged from a hospital or ED with a discharge diagnosis that included any of the following: somatization disorder, conversion disorder, factitious disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, or other related disorders using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision–Canada (ICD-10-CA) diagnostic codes
 
It’s Time to View Severe Medically Unexplained Symptoms as Red-Flag Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety
The study by Saunders and colleagues1 in JAMA Network Open is an important contribution to the field of what I’ll call medically unexplained symptoms (MUSs). MUSs in their most severe form encompass what the authors call somatic symptom and related disorders, as well as numerous other similar terms, such as somatic symptom disorder from psychiatry and chronic pain, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue, and fibromyalgia from medicine.

My conclusion and proposal is that, for clinical purposes, we should stop using and ignore the many unvalidated MUS diagnoses from psychiatry and medicine. They add nothing and can distract from the real problem of underlying depressive and anxiety disorders. Although we will still see many patients with unexplained symptoms, we should understand them simply as symptoms—not a diagnosis themselves. When are they significant to the clinician? The unexplained symptoms become red flags prompting us to look for an associated depressive or anxiety disorder2,6 when they disrupt one’s ability to enjoy life and to function in general life activities.
Open access, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2768562
 
I can't get my head round this sort of mind set. If children have a set of symptoms they need investigated. If all the wrong tests are used it will be more expensive and take longer. Looking in the wrong place will never find an answer.

The answer could just as easily lie in the diagnostic process as with mental health issues in the patient. Byron Hyde described a young patient who had blisters on her hands and in her mouth. Now I am a lay person but my next move would have been to check her feet. Instead they decided she was deliberately damaging her mouth.

Part of this is that GPs are the experts in common diseases and would have recognized hand foot and mouth disease but the hospital doctors did not. Yet enteroviruses are known to cause serious body wide disease in some children, from polio to AFM. A quick look under the covers would have ruled it in or out.

That sort of diagnostic failure is widespread and would be a better place to look than introducing psychological treatments which have a very low success rate.

I was very impressed by the paper that said mental health diagnoses should have the same level of evidence as physical diseases. Not a lot to ask.
 
Did not Abbey, one of the sources of our woes, hail from Toronto General Hospital. So this should come as no surprise.
 
It’s Time to View Severe Medically Unexplained Symptoms as Red-Flag Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety

Anyone who guessed that Robert C Smith MD is a very old white man is correct:

https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/experts/robert-c-smith-md

http://www.im.msu.edu/for applicants section/key faculty profiles/key faculty cvs/smith_cv.PDF (BS 1959, MD 1962)

"Establishing the Scientific Validation of the Biopsychosocial Model of Care" lecture:



"The Biopsychosocial Revolution" (2002):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1495036/
 
Wait, sick people seek medical care? Get out of here. That can't possibly be true, we all know that genuinely sick people don't ever do that so it's certainly right to label them as imaginary illness. QED.

I am absolutely disgusted by the people who work on this. These are children and they toy with their lives for a mediocre ideology. Medicine priding themselves on not participating in legally-sanctioned executions means nothing when they do grotesquely evil stuff like that, mentally torturing sick children. Morally this isn't any different than societies that performed ritual sacrifices. Instead of a Sun god it's the conversion disorder ideology, which frankly makes it worse considering the context.

This whole thing is genuinely the Platonic ideal of the road to hell being paved with good intentions. They think they're helping even as they are mentally and physically torturing sick children, patting themselves on the back for a job well done of... not helping whatsoever given that these sick children continue to do the thing this rotten ideology is trying to avoid: seeking medical care. This is literally spending money to hurt people while refusing to spend the necessary money to actually help them.
Many of these patients did not receive physician-delivered mental health care
I have no idea what that's doing here, there is no such thing as physician-delivered mental health care because it would not even be authorized or reimbursed by the national insurance system, there is a strong split between mental health and the rest of health care. There is no parity of care in large part because mental health care is so primitive as to be barbaric.
 
That's horrifying coming from Sick Kids hospital, U of T (various dept's), and the centre for addiction and mental health.

It's very probable to me that people with unidentifiable health issues toss up on the steps of CAMH because their lives have been adversely impacted and they're struggling but that doesn't mean their primary / sole issue is depression or anxiety. Or even an issue at all.

@chrisb Who's Abbey?

Also, just want to alert @ScottTriGuy
 
Who's Abbey?

She was, or may still be, a psychiatrist who played a prominent part in the CIBA conference andwho held strange views on somatisation. I did not think this too important until seeing in Oslers WEb that she was involved in CDC committees that scuppered various research plans. See

Somatisation, illness attribution and the sociocultural psychiatry of chronic fatigue syndrome
Susan E Abbey 1993 Chronic fatigue syndrome, Wiley, Chichester (Ciba Foundation Symposium 1730 p238-261

if you are feeling strong enough.

And she edited a book for US practitioners with Demitrack which allowed Straus to wholly misrepresent the findings of a paper by White, notwithstanding that she referred correctly to the paper in her own chapter.
 
Anyone who guessed that Robert C Smith MD is a very old white man is correct:

https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/experts/robert-c-smith-md

http://www.im.msu.edu/for applicants section/key faculty profiles/key faculty cvs/smith_cv.PDF (BS 1959, MD 1962)

"Establishing the Scientific Validation of the Biopsychosocial Model of Care" lecture:



"The Biopsychosocial Revolution" (2002):
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1495036/


Worrying i.e. MUS - https://www.dvhn.nl/groningen/Als-d...Q6BpGgZYj12PDwNlzO3wTT9slV8VEbM22MjpV3xmpWudA

@Michiel Tack
 
The research article by Saunders is about "Somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRDs)". The article explains this category as follows.
Types of SSRDs include somatic symptom disorder, conversion disorder (also called functional neurological symptom disorder), illness anxiety disorder, and psychological factors affecting medical conditions. In these disorders, psychological or emotional distress is experienced through physical symptoms, known as somatic symptoms. Associated terms include functional disorders and, historically, medically unexplained symptoms. There is overlap in the diagnostic classification of SSRDs with other conditions, such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome.
Don't quite understand why they include fibromyalgia, IBS and CFS in this.
 
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The comment by Smith reads:
This conceptual shift—from making MUS diagnoses to diagnosing well-validated disorders, such as depression and anxiety—can lead to a more productive focus on the treatment of both psychological and physical symptoms, detailed elsewhere
Which made me think: in what way are depression and anxiety better-validated disorders than ME/CFS?
 
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