Review A Perspective on the Role of Metformin in Treating [...] (ME/CFS) and Long COVID (2025) Fineberg et al

I don't think it matters whether you call it an intervention, advice, common sense, or anything else. What matters, in the sense of whether or not it should be trialled, is whether or not it is treatment.

And it isn't, it's a normal self care behaviour.

It may appear to be an extreme version, but that's only because activity capacity in ME/CFS is vastly lower than in healthy people. Recognising the need for rest and recovery in order to stay well, and being willing to prioritise it over other demands, is still a normal behaviour. It only needs to be managed by others in young children and adults who lack self care capacity.
 
But do they? Most of the so-called co-morbidities seem to be made up stuff from fringe private practitioners - like MCAS. And surely the question is more about how you 'identify a strategy' for treating ME/CFS when we haven't got enough information to start with, let alone consider the implications of heterogeneity. My experience with treating root causes of heterogeneous diseases is that all the different festures resolve pretty well with one agent.
POTS? Managing POTS seems to be one of the most common pathways by which people gain some improvements in quality of life. I'm not saying it's addressing the other features but it does help.

Edit: I see there was more discussion on this. Fine, whatever you want to call it. Orthostatic intolerance. I know people with ME/CFS who have gained improvement in this domain and it has helped them. They still have other issues, especially PEM, but the OI can be treated and it does help them. And no it's not just salt and water used to do so.

This gets dangerously near the BPS arguments that if we have examples of something sometimes helping, eg some people improving at the same times as exercising, then we should be doing exercise and that it is not acceptable to leave people without any treatment (even if we do not have good evidence for any treatment).
We're not saying it's either-or. We can, at the same time, acknowledge that there is no mechanistically-targeted, effective treatment and also that things which are reasonably safe to try might be able help some people with particular symptoms such as OI. It is not a replacement.

I was going to reply to the thread in sequence but the discussion has gone too long and wide to do this.

Yes, we need trials.
 
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POTS? Managing POTS seems to be one of the most common pathways by which people gain some improvements in quality of life. I'm not saying it's addressing the other features but it does help.

Edit: I see there was more discussion on this. Fine, whatever you want to call it. Orthostatic intolerance. I know people with ME/CFS who have gained improvement in this domain and it has helped them. They still have other issues, especially PEM, but the OI can be treated and it does help them. And no it's not just salt and water used to do so.

Agreed, it does feels like there are treatments for OI/POTS that do frequently help people even if they didn't work for me. Here is a small trial of Ivabradine that seems to provide positive results.

 
We're not saying it's either-or. We can, at the same time, acknowledge that there is no mechanistically-targeted, effective treatment and also that things which are reasonably safe to try might be able help some people with particular symptoms such as OI. It is not a replacement.
What’s your basis for saying that it can help some?

That’s the crux of this. It’s seemingly only based on anecdotes and the judgement of the practitioners, which is no better than what the BPS folks do!

Have I missed some trials?
 
I for my sake can say - as I have in the Mestinon thread - that mestinon has greatly improved my quality of life (compared to other medication used in POTS like beta blockers, fludrocortisone, midodrine). Unblinded of course, but hard data such as step counts and heart rate corroborates my subjective experience.

I am not aware of any finished trials, so I am glad my doctor suggested it being worth a try with little risks.

I understand you're rigorously against medication that hasn't sufficiently been trialed. As a scientist I agree, as a patient I don't fully agree.
 
POTS? Managing POTS seems to be one of the most common pathways by which people gain some improvements in quality of life. I'm not saying it's addressing the other features but it does help.

Edit: I see there was more discussion on this. Fine, whatever you want to call it. Orthostatic intolerance. I know people with ME/CFS who have gained improvement in this domain and it has helped them. They still have other issues, especially PEM, but the OI can be treated and it does help them. And no it's not just salt and water used to do so.

But it isn't that simple. It does matter what we call things. POTS means three different things - tachycardia, OI and a 'syndrome' that looks awfully like ME/CFS. The realtion between these is totally unclear. A beta blocker may well prevent tachycardia (whether or not that is a good thing or was the symptomatic problem) but that is not treating OI. And POTS type OI doesn't seem to have much to do with ME/CFS.

You may know people who have improved but how do we know the treatment helped? As a physician I always found that very hard to judge. We know that people who take treatments are unreliable when attributing cause and effect. People say they got benefit from homeopathy, cod liver oil or the Lightning Process. As Rapidboson says, it does seem to some people that the treatment must have helped, and if it did they may well be reporting a true cause and effect, but for third parties this is sadly never any good.

The weight of evidence I see is strongly against any of these treatments being much use. As I have said, if things work people do trials. If they don't much, then physicians know that, at heart, and keep away from trials or design self-fulfilling trials.

ME/CFS care needs to move into the real world. The colleagues I have worked alongside who deal with things like 'POTS' all live in a fantasy world. They make diagnoses on the basis of mantra and have no understanding of physiology.Their patients join this fantasy world. And that helps nobody in the long run.
 
But if we go back to the question about what an intervention is, my layman understand is that in a medical context, an interventions is something that is done with the explicit goal of improving the condition.

Pacing is not disease modifying. It’s just adapting to the disease according to logic.

If you take «intervention» to mean «interfering», then pacing is an intervention. But so would literally everything else be, so you kind of have to draw the line somewhere. So I draw it at the purpose of the interference, so to speak.
Love this. Well put.

If we could just get to the point where "I don't know" is an acceptable answer, we will have made more progress than everything that came before put together. And it never happens, because the only ethical follow-up to it is "let's find out", which is the very last thing the vast majority of MDs want here, including most of those involved in research and guidelines, who still badly want the problem and solution to be the simple-minded psychosocial narratives that were invented to bury us alive decades ago to be the One Truth.

Alternatively, this could change if the only real stakeholders in the process, us, had any actual influence on the process. All of this is only happening because almost everyone involved has no personal, or even professional, stakes in the outcomes. Whatever comes out of the process will have no impact on their lives, and they can all walk away from it any time they choose to. This is partly why we are so much harder at questioning, because only we get to live with the outcome, although part of that is also brain fog and difficulty maintaining a train of thought.
 
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What’s your basis for saying that it can help some?

That’s the crux of this. It’s seemingly only based on anecdotes and the judgement of the practitioners, which is no better than what the BPS folks do!

Have I missed some trials?
What's annoying is that there have been many community surveys and studies, and they all come up bust. Normally such surveys and community studies are lower quality than clinical trials, drug trials anyway, but this is absolutely not the case here. If anything, because of how low the standards are when it comes to us, surveys are far more reliable. Far less bias, ironically, but that's just because the bias towards magical solutions is too strong.

We know that nothing helps, and we know what lowers incidence worsening, without guaranteeing it: time and rest. With the counterpart that rushing to activity, the standard advice, is literally the worst possible advice.

We've had 5 years with far more people trying far more things than all the trials before put together, not especially rigorously but none of those trials were anyway, and the answer is disappointing but clear: there is nothing that works, not even for some, the process is entirely hidden from us, from that perspective looks about as random as it gets, and nothing will change that until we get basic research to point us to where the problem is.

Good science requires good data. We don't have good data, because we don't know where to look, and medicine doesn't do plan Bs, without biology, they are less effective than a software developer without a computer.
 
What’s your basis for saying that it can help some?

That’s the crux of this. It’s seemingly only based on anecdotes and the judgement of the practitioners,
Hundreds of bedside one on one interviews with patients.
You may know people who have improved but how do we know the treatment helped?
Because my real life friend tried something in isolation that moved her from housebound to able to work part time with pacing, and yes she deals with PEM and does have genuine ME/CFS.

As Rapidboson says, it does seem to some people that the treatment must have helped, and if it did they may well be reporting a true cause and effect, but for third parties this is sadly never any good.

The point I am making is only that for interventions with negligible risk of harm the smallest possibility of a true cause and effect for some people may not warrant blanket discouragement. I am not talking about guidelines or quack doctors or other third parties getting carried away with thinking that the illness is effectively treatable, I am talking about conversations with patients in the interim.

I will repeat myself:
We're not saying it's either-or. We can, at the same time, acknowledge that there is no mechanistically-targeted, effective treatment and also that things which are reasonably safe to try might be able help some people with particular symptoms
Yes, we need trials.


It’s seemingly only based on anecdotes and the judgement of the practitioners, which is no better than what the BPS folks do!
I will flip this around. If I adapt your comment, BPS folks might say "It (a biological basis of the illness) is seemingly only based on flimsy studies and the judgment of biologists".

If BPS cannot reasonably dismiss biological explanations on the basis of biological studies being mostly inconclusive then I don't know how easy it is to completely dismiss carefully discussed patient testimony. I'm not saying that these things are going to help you or most people, I am saying that I believe that some things that some people that I know have tried have helped them manage particular symptoms (not general malaise & fatigue, not PEM, not brain fog).

Just as there are challenges for mechanistic studies in cohort ascertainment, time-fluctuating features of the illness, and knowing where to look, there are challenges for trials too. Trials failing doesn't mean that:
We know that nothing helps
What it means is that we don't yet know what might help.

A lot of this is dangerously close to absence of evidence = evidence of absence territory.

Yes, we should not put patients at risk of harm or base guidelines on things that are inadequately evidenced. But what if an intervention is safe and may have a chance, even small, of alleviating a particular symptom that an individual is struggling with? Do we adopt a blanket position in individualised conversations of saying "no, you're not allowed to try"?

Nobody reasonable is saying there are effective treatments for core ME/CFS features. Every single paper or grant application I have written has this in the first few lines.
 
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Hundreds of bedside one on one interviews with patients.
Still just anecdotes and people’s interpretations of anecdotes..
I will flip this around. If I adapt your comment, BPS folks might say "It (a biological basis of the illness) is seemingly only based on flimsy studies and the judgment of biologists".
Well, that is correct. Before DecodeME, we didn’t really have any good data to claim that ME/CFS actually is a distinct disease.

Although we know it is biological, unless you want to invoke a dualist view of the psychosocial being non-physical?
If BPS cannot reasonably dismiss biological explanations on the basis of biological studies being mostly inconclusive then I don't know how easy it is to completely dismiss carefully discussed patient testimony.
We can dismiss most of the explanations. And we’re not dismissing the testimonies, we’re being were cautious about the interpretations.
I'm not saying that these things are going to help you or most people, I am saying that I believe that some things that some people that I know have tried have helped them manage particular symptoms (not general malaise & fatigue, not PEM, not brain fog).
Nobody are saying that there are no modifying treatments for particular symptoms like sleep, pain, nausea, etc.
Just as there are challenges for mechanistic studies in cohort ascertainment, time-fluctuating features of the illness, and knowing where to look, there are challenges for trials too. Trials failing doesn't mean that: [we know that nothing helps]
Given the pretty low response rates in surveys that have every possible kind of bias in favour of the treatments, I think we can be fairly certain that none of the currently used treatments actually affects ME/CFS.

LDN was pretty much top of the charts in the Xitter survey that was published within the last year, and then a study on FM found that it didn’t do any better than placebo for pain.

Sure, we don’t have definitive proof that it doesn’t work, but we certainly don’t have any proof that it does. Regardless, the burden of proof lies with the ones that claims efficacy.
 
then a study on FM found that it didn’t do any better than placebo for pain.
I'm not sure I remember correctly, but is that the one where they used 6 mg? I recall Carmen Scheibenbogen suggesting this being a dose that's too high. Convenient excuse, but I believe this single study with a single dose might not show us the whole picture. Suppose the lift trial could maybe shed light on it, though I'm not sure what their endpoints are and how they compare to the Danish study.
 
I'm not sure I remember correctly, but is that the one where they used 6 mg? I recall Carmen Scheibenbogen suggesting this being a dose that's too high. Convenient excuse, but I believe this single study with a single dose might not show us the whole picture. Suppose the lift trial could maybe shed light on it, though I'm not sure what their endpoints are and how they compare to the Danish study.
This one used 4.5 mg.

I don’t think there’s any reliable data on dosing. I’ve seen people arguing that you need to start high, and people saying you need to start low. Nobody has given any compelling reasons for either case.

 
Hundreds of bedside one on one interviews with patients.

Because my real life friend tried something in isolation that moved her from housebound to able to work part time with pacing, and yes she deals with PEM and does have genuine ME/CFS.



The point I am making is only that for interventions with negligible risk of harm the smallest possibility of a true cause and effect for some people may not warrant blanket discouragement. I am not talking about guidelines or quack doctors or other third parties getting carried away with thinking that the illness is effectively treatable, I am talking about conversations with patients in the interim.

I will repeat myself:





I will flip this around. If I adapt your comment, BPS folks might say "It (a biological basis of the illness) is seemingly only based on flimsy studies and the judgment of biologists".

If BPS cannot reasonably dismiss biological explanations on the basis of biological studies being mostly inconclusive then I don't know how easy it is to completely dismiss carefully discussed patient testimony. I'm not saying that these things are going to help you or most people, I am saying that I believe that some things that some people that I know have tried have helped them manage particular symptoms (not general malaise & fatigue, not PEM, not brain fog).

Just as there are challenges for mechanistic studies in cohort ascertainment, time-fluctuating features of the illness, and knowing where to look, there are challenges for trials too. Trials failing doesn't mean that:

What it means is that we don't yet know what might help.

A lot of this is dangerously close to absence of evidence = evidence of absence territory.

Yes, we should not put patients at risk of harm or base guidelines on things that are inadequately evidenced. But what if an intervention is safe and may have a chance, even small, of alleviating a particular symptom that an individual is struggling with? Do we adopt a blanket position in individualised conversations of saying "no, you're not allowed to try"?

Nobody reasonable is saying there are effective treatments for core ME/CFS features. Every single paper or grant application I have written has this in the first few lines.
Thank you for continuing to engage with us on these thorny issues, and for your research work. We need more people like you.

I find this situation really difficult to deal with. I accept that there are some symptomatic treatments some people find make a big difference for their quality of life and capacity to function, while not curing the core feature PEM. That seems particularly the case for those who have raised heart rate on standing, commonly called POTS.

I don't think most of us are saying these treatments should be banned for pwME. Nor are we criticising pwME who want to try them. If it is headaches or insomnia, rather than PEM, or POTS rather than PEM that is limiting someone's abililty to function, it seems logical to me from the patent's point of view for them to try whatever treatment for that symptom their doctor recommends.

I don't think that contradicts the responsiblity of doctors to carry out clinical trials of the drugs they are recommending, nor does it contadict our criticism of such doctors for going on for decades recommending unevidenced treatments without bothering to set up clinical trials.

And for many of us, even if we try these symptomatic treatments, our OI is not related to POTS so that treatment is no use. And for many of us PEM and/or cognitive dysfunction and/or OI not caused by POTS are the major factors that limit our capacity to function, so there aren't any drugs that will improve our symptoms or function. Also many of us have nasty side effects from many supposedly benign drugs.

I am wary of muddling up discussion of scientific hypothesis papers with discussion of anecdotal evidence. It's all very well to say 'I have a friend who got a lot better with treatment Z.' Or even 'I know lots of people who improved with treatment Z'. Until treatment Z has undergone double blind clinical trials we can't know definitively whether treatment Z will be of more benefit to pwME than placebo. Look at what happened with rituximab. Look at all the claims of recovery with brain retraining.

Is it really any better for a scientist to tell us they have observed lots of people who say they improved with treatment Z, than a person like the one who joined the forum recently to telll us she knows 'thousands' of people with ME/CFS cured with brain retraining? How do we balance the veracity of those anecdotes?

In the end it leaves pwME in a muddle over what to do, either forever chasing the latest treatment on the basis of anecdote, or giving up altogether and choosing not to get swept along by strings of convincing sounding anecdotes, and to manage our lives as best we can while we hope to be among the lucky ones who improve naturally, and while we wait for doctors to get their act together to carry out clinical trials of the drugs they have been recommending without sound evidence.
 
This one used 4.5 mg.

I don’t think there’s any reliable data on dosing. I’ve seen people arguing that you need to start high, and people saying you need to start low. Nobody has given any compelling reasons for either case.

Thanks!
I was thinking of this one with a similar result.

 
As I understand it metformin is used for type 2 diabeties and PCOS. Type 2 diabeties seems to be weight related and I believe PCOS gets worse (or the insulin resistance) with additional weight.

Some people with ME put on weight (due to lack of activity)

So I can see you could get a result that appears to suggest metformin is useful when it is really dealing with other conditions that are maybe weight related and the ME helps trigger weight gain.

So could be a bit of a false result.
 
In the end it leaves pwME in a muddle over what to do, either forever chasing the latest treatment on the basis of anecdote, or giving up altogether and choosing not to get swept along by strings of convincing sounding anecdotes, and to manage our lives as best we can while we hope to be among the lucky ones who improve naturally, and while we wait for doctors to get their act together to carry out clinical trials of the drugs they have been recommending without sound evidence.

Yes, and we shouldn't underestimate the harm the anecdotes have caused. Someone improves for reasons they cannot know, another patient goes to great lengths to try the same treatment—which may include using money they need to pay their bills—and are crushed when it doesn't work.

There are people who have been through this cruel cycle of hope and despair several times. They now have shame and guilt to deal with, as well as being short of money and every bit as ill as when they started.
 
Yes, we should not put patients at risk of harm or base guidelines on things that are inadequately evidenced. But what if an intervention is safe and may have a chance, even small, of alleviating a particular symptom that an individual is struggling with? Do we adopt a blanket position in individualised conversations of saying "no, you're not allowed to try"?
The problem is kind of the reverse of it, though. Most people will try most of those, especially the safe easy ones, and clinical supervision changes nothing. I don't see anything wrong with people trying things, but we can't ignore the context in which this is playing out, which is decades of false assertions made entirely to avoid doing the real work. The context is everything, because of decades of bad faith discrimination.

In an ideal world, this is how we would do things. In our world, we can't do things this way, because it is anything but ideal.

I don't know how we can operationalize that to improve outcomes. I'm not sure we can, because the well has been thoroughly poisoned, nuked and sharknadoed. Most of the problem isn't even the illness, it's the medical profession and its history of intentional failure.

At the very least, if it would be worth it for people to go through testing those, it would have to be systematic. Presently, clinical supervision changes nothing because it is random and, frankly, not real supervision most of the time. Good science requires good, accurate data. This is something super basic that should have been routine decades ago through research clinics. Right now it's like doing scientific experiments with zero measurements. Which, by definition, is not scientific.

If we had such a scientific process, I would be all in favor, but it has been impossible to achieve so far. Even with Long Covid, all efforts seem incapable of building those first steps. So we need basic research figuring out the pathology far more than we need this, because the gap of quality and competence between scientific medical research and so-called evidence-based medicine is literally everything. One is borderline miraculous in its achievements, the other doesn't have a single one to show for it.
 
Yes, and we shouldn't underestimate the harm the anecdotes have caused. Someone improves for reasons they cannot know, another patient goes to great lengths to try the same treatment—which may include using money they need to pay their bills—and are crushed when it doesn't work.

There are people who have been through this cruel cycle of hope and despair several times. They now have shame and guilt to deal with, as well as being short of money and every bit as ill as when they started.
That's the inter-person confusion ("why are they recovering and not me? I'm doing the same things as them!"), but there's also a lot of intra-person confusion ("it worked before, why isn't working now?!"). Lots of anecdotes about people improving on some combination of things. In some cases it holds. In some cases it doesn't. In most cases it was likely just coincidence. Most say it was just time and rest, a natural biological recovery process we don't know about yet. Then they later relapse, or didn't actually improve as much as they thought.

So they try the same thing again, and it doesn't work. Did it work the first time? Sometimes it 'worked' the second time, or the third, or more. So which was it? Likely none of those things, it's mostly random. Same reason for the unexpected relapses and crashes. They happen so often. "But I paced!", and yet it happened. "I'm always resting and I keep getting worse!". Yup. Maddening, not under our control for the most part.

Most likely 99% of this is just noise. Even if there was a small bit of signal, we'd have seen it by now. It doesn't take much, anything that could help would light up the sky like a full moon, and it hasn't happened. This should tell us how this whole approach of randomly trying things isn't working. Not any better for supplements, drugs or any shape or form of treatment.

It would be incredible if those things exist, but we have not even seen a hint of them yet.
 
I don't think most of us are saying these treatments should be banned for pwME. Nor are we criticising pwME who want to try them. If it is headaches or insomnia, rather than PEM, or POTS rather than PEM that is limiting someone's abililty to function, it seems logical to me from the patent's point of view for them to try whatever treatment for that symptom their doctor recommends.

I don't think that contradicts the responsiblity of doctors to carry out clinical trials of the drugs they are recommending, nor does it contadict our criticism of such doctors for going on for decades recommending unevidenced treatments without bothering to set up clinical trials.
Yeah look, this might all be a case of incomplete contentions coming across, from different people, in combination. This is one weakness of jumping in to a forum thread late. So I thought I would just set the record straight on my own opinion because I did involve myself, and realise there is risk of it being misconstrued. Thank you for adding the context and clarity and helping clear things up.

I don't think anybody is really disagreeing on the core issues, there are just nuances that are tricky to communicate.
Still just anecdotes and people’s interpretations of anecdotes..
Trust me, nobody here is saying otherwise.
Nobody are saying that there are no modifying treatments for particular symptoms like sleep, pain, nausea, etc.
Glad we are in agreement. See my reply to Trish above.
Given the pretty low response rates in surveys that have every possible kind of bias in favour of the treatments, I think we can be fairly certain that none of the currently used treatments actually affects ME/CFS.
I don't know that I would use muddy survey data as a basis for this conclusion but yes I agree with the conclusion, mostly because if something worked, as Jonathan said: we'd see clinical uptake and trials.
 
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