The relationship between the phenotype of long COVID symptoms and one-year psychosocial outcomes: an exploratory clustering analysis 2025 Nakamura+

ABSTRACT

The impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is not limited to acute symptoms; it also extends to post-infection sequelae, such as long COVID and post-COVID conditions. These conditions are characterized by various symptoms, such as malaise, fatigue, and cognitive dysfunction, and are considered to reflect different underlying pathologies. Using a cluster analysis, we hypothesized that long COVID may have different psychosocial outcomes depending on the phenotype.

This study is based on the COVID-19 RECOVERY STUDY II (CORES II) conducted in 20 centers in Japan. CORES II included patients aged 20 years and older who were hospitalized and discharged alive between April and September 2021. In CORES II, information collected at hospitalization was followed by an investigation one year after diagnosis into post-infection symptoms, physical and mental health, and patients’ social circumstances. Long COVID symptoms, based on symptoms one month after infection, and psychosocial well-being, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and quality of life (QOL), one year after onset were assessed via questionnaires provided one year after diagnosis.

We performed a cluster analysis based on long COVID symptoms. We also compared the psychosocial status between clusters. We identified five clusters of symptoms in 746 patients. These clusters were characterized by severe multi-organ dysfunction, olfactory and gustatory disturbances, shortness of breath, muscle weakness, and hair loss. The severe multi-organ dysfunction cluster included a large number of patients with malaise and who were more likely to have a poor psychosocial status one year after onset. In addition, the olfactory and gustatory disturbance cluster appeared to have the second highest depression and anxiety scores after the multi-organ dysfunction cluster.

The results obtained on the five-symptom clusters suggest that the multi-organ dysfunction phenotype with malaise and olfactory and gustatory disturbances has psychosocial consequences. Patients with these phenotypes require more extensive follow-ups and interventions.

Paywall

 

So illness and poorer health outcomes lead to worse psychosocial outcomes a year later?

 

Especially chronic illnesses where the person does not recieve adequate medical and societal recognition and support.

 

Well, this looks properly useless.

Illness bad, utterly doctors confused why.

 

Putting myself in the hair loss phenotype as a balding man.

 

The only positive thing here is that the physical health got worse before the psychsoscial issues. Which makes it impossible to claim that the psychosocial issues caused the physical issues.

 

If you ignore the fact that they have no causal evidence for this, another major issue is that if we accept the theorem that ‘anything can affect anything’, then IMO, we stop to exist as individuals.

Because where does ‘I’ stop and ‘everything else’ begin? What’s external to ‘me’ and what’s internal? Wouldn’t everything be internal to some universal ‘something’ that consists of everything? All internal boundaries would simply be abstract constructs.

It would just as much be society that’s sick, not me. Yet all of the responsibility is placed on the individual. So they are trying to have it both ways.