Somatic symptoms among young adults: an observational study examining the roles of trauma type and psychological distress 2025 Perez and Szabo

Abstract

Background
This study extends previous research examining the interplay between trauma and somatic symptoms by focusing on trauma type (i.e., whether the trauma was interpersonal in nature [e.g., assault, sexual violence, combat] or not) and the extent to which psychological distress accounts for these associations. Additionally, we novelly focus on clusters of somatic symptoms.

Methods
A sample of predominantly Hispanic/Latinx young adults (n = 214) completed a series of brief validated questionnaires assessing demographics, stressful life events (Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire – revised), somatic symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire – 14), and psychological distress (Patient Health Questionnaire – 4) as part of an online survey. Data were first analyzed using linear regression, followed by structural equation modeling to estimate indirect effects, with bootstrapping used to generate confidence intervals.

Results
Results support a significant indirect effect of interpersonal trauma (IP) on somatic symptoms through psychological distress. While both IP and psychological distress contributed to cardiopulmonary and pain/fatigue clusters, gastrointestinal symptoms were accounted for by psychological distress. Exploratory analyses revealed unique associations by gender, with partial mediation of associations between IP and somatic symptoms by psychological distress observed more clearly in women.

Conclusions
The present study extends extant research demonstrating that greater exposure to interpersonal trauma exposure is significantly and strongly associated with increased somatic symptoms, psychological distress partially accounts for these associations. With replication, these findings inform theoretical frameworks of the psychological underpinnings of somatic symptom development and can be used to foster advancements in patient care.

Open access