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Frontiers | Principal Component Analysis of Cytokine Signature in COVID-19 and Long COVID
Despite the activity of the COVID-19 pandemic being lower in the recent years, new COVID-associated threat, known long COVID (LC), has emerged. Its clinical ...
www.frontiersin.org
Authors: Zoia R. Korobova, Areg A. Totolian
Abstract
Despite the activity of the COVID-19 pandemic being lower in the recent years, new COVID-associated threat, known long COVID (LC), has emerged.Its clinical presentation includes nearly 200 symptoms affecting cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous systems, endocrine organs, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal systems.
Cytokines serve as important biomarkers for assessing the level of immune system involvement and dysregulation in LC.
Most studies on cytokine network and cytokine interactions usually address more traditional methods of statistical analysis with comparison criteria, discriminant analysis, regression.
But multiplex cytokine analysis includes dozens of parameters, and requires complex assessment of the network as a whole.
We analyzed data of cytokine multiplex analysis of 289 patients with COVID-19, 44 patients with LC and 51 healthy donors.
Using principal component analysis (PCA) we identified cyotkines with the highest importance rate, and further investigated relationship between them with the use of 3D mapping.
As a result, three key clusters were identified:
cluster A - IL-13, CCL7/MCP-3, IL-4;
cluster B - IL-18, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL4/MIP-1β, CXCL8/IL-8, M-CSF, and
cluster C - sCD40L, CXCL1/GROα, PDGF-AA, EGF, FGF-2, FLT-3L, IL-7, IL-17F.
The coordinated interactions within these clusters reveal a complex immunopathology behind LC, but leave an opening for further interpretation
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